Commercial Law Mutual Obligations

Question: Talk about the Commercial Law for Mutual Obligations. Answer: 1. Agreement is characterized as an understanding which is lawfully enforceable between at least two individuals that make common commitments. In this manner, for any consent to turn into an agreement, it needs to enforceable under law. Be that as it may, there are sure components which are important to be available in each consent to make it legal. These components are offer, acknowledgment, thought, common assent, legitimate article and skill of gatherings (Schwenzer, Hachem Kee, 2012). The underlying advance in making a substantial agreement is offer by one gathering and acknowledgment by another. An offer is characterizes as eagerness of a person to make authoritative relationship under specific terms and conditions with aim of restricting the other party when the offer is acknowledged by the gathering to whom its made. In this way, an offer is an announcement of conditions made by an offeror with the expectation to tie himself. In addition, when an offer is acknowledged, a legitimate understanding is made. Consequently, an acknowledgment is characterized by a sign or articulation by the offeror about his readiness to be bound genuinely as per the terms expressed in the offer (Rose, 2013). Hence, when an offer made by one gathering is acknowledged by another, a legitimate understanding is made; this understanding turns into a substantial agreement when different components are available in it. Therefore, the second most basic component to shape a legitimate agreement is thought. In this manner, to shape a substantial agreement, each understanding should be upheld with legitimate thought. The meaning of thought is something consequently and is generally something of significant worth which is traded in kind of an exhibition or a guarantee by one gathering to another (Amin, 2013). In any case, it is significant that a thought ought to be something of significant worth which can be estimated unbiasedly. Accordingly, a guarantee to adore or wed is anything but a substantial thought which can be enforceable under law. The following fundamental component for a substantial agreement is shared assent between parties. Accordingly, under the agreement law in Singapore, there requirements to accord promotion idem which is meeting of psyches between both the gatherings which mean to go into an interpretation relationship. The Thus, the gathering that starts an offer and the gathering which acknowledges the proposal for a legitimate thought ought to comprehend the terms and states of an agreement in a similar way. In addition, the item for which the agreement is made by two gatherings must be lawful and authentic (Beale, 2012). Subsequently, any understanding which is made for a fake, unethical, criminal or contradicted to open approach isn't enforceable under law. In this manner, an agreement to carry medications or arms is viewed as void as the object of the agreement is illicit. Ultimately, to frame a legitimate agreement, the gatherings which are compression should be capable. Under the Singapore contract law, the gatherings going into an agreement require to be over 18 years, of sound psyche and not precluded under law to contract. In this way, Ben proposed a proposal to Alan for purchasing mixed beverages, anyway Alan didn't acknowledge the said offer and demanded uniquely on buying Russian made liquor. Along these lines, Alan chose to not acknowledge to purchase liquor drinks from Bens shop and the offer made by Ben of selling vodka except if he guarantees that the vodka is made in Russia. Nonetheless, when Ben expressed that the said container of vodka is refined in Russia, Alan chose to buy it which expressed that he acknowledged the offer made by Ben of selling vodka making an understanding. Different components like thought and both Ben and Alan being equipped gatherings contracting for a legitimate item finished the understanding creation it a substantial agreement. In this manner, in the current case, when Allan bought jugs of vodka from Ben, a substantial agreement was made which had all the fundamentals components of agreement which are offer, acknowledgment, thought, equipped gatherings, lawful artic le and shared assent. 2. The deal and acquisition of products whereby a dealer consents to sell or move the privileges of specific merchandise to a likely purchaser at some worth or cost. This exchange is administered by the standards and guidelines made under the Sale of Goods Act. The agreement of offer of products under the Sales of Goods Act includes making rules and guidelines for both the deal and the agreement available to be purchased. The term products is characterizes under Part 1(h) of the Sales off Goods Act including a wide range of versatile property aside from cash and claims (Yeo, 2012). The word merchandise under the Sales of Goods Act incorporates developing yields, shares, stocks, lumber, and so forth. The guidelines and guidelines under the Sales of Goods Act set out numerous guarantees which secure both the merchant and the purchaser at whatever point required. The guidelines and the guidelines under the Sales of Goods Act secure the enthusiasm of both vender and the purchaser. Sectio n 1 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore has many inferred guarantees which shield the enthusiasm of the purchaser from deceitful acts of a merchant. Therefore, the area 15 of Part 1 of the Sales of Goods Act makes suggested guarantee at a bargain of products by portrayal. Accordingly, the said segment expresses that when an agreement of offer is made by depiction, there is a suggested condition that the products require to fulfill the said portrayal. Also, when an offer of products is started with the assistance of an example, an inferred condition under Sale of Goods Act expresses that the said merchandise conveyed ought to fulfill to the example appeared at the hour of selling the merchandise (Brudner, 2013). Also, segment 16 of the Sales of Goods Act, the demonstration makes no predetermined inferred guarantee concerning the wellness and nature of the products sold except if the purchaser express in any structure to the vender the specific explanation or reason for his acquisition of a said decent which shows that the purchaser depends on the judgment of the dealer to give him merchandise identifying with his portrayal, for this situation a suggests condition is made which requires the merchandise to fulfill the necessities as referenced in the depiction. The segment 53 of Part 5 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore sets out the principles and guideline for break of guarantees by a vender (Mullender, 2013). Accordingly, under the said area a purchaser is qualified for realize a lawful activity against the vender who penetrates inferred guarantees under the said Act. Moreover, the purchaser is likewise qualified for set sea shore of guarantee against the vender by diminishing or voiding the price tag. Therefore, in the current case, Allan was the purchaser and Ben was the vender. Allan was clear about his necessity of Russian vodka when he entered the alcohol shop claimed by Ben. Ben guaranteed Allan that the alcohol he was holding was refined in Russia and it fulfilled his prerequisite. Depending on the announcement made by Ben, Allan bought three jugs of the equivalent in any case; he alongside three of his companions experienced looseness of the bowels post the utilization of the vodka. In this way, in the said case, Ben damaged segment 15 and 16 of the Sales of Goods Act by offering illegal beverages to Allan under the portrayal of Russian refined vodka; subsequently Allan can achieve legitimate activity against Ben (Bouckaert De Geest, 2013). 3. The essential way where a legally binding gathering attempts to stay away from, breaking point or counteract its risk emerging of agreement is by including an avoidance condition inside it. Prohibition statement is portrays as an arrangement under an understanding or an agreement which confines, limits or absolutely maintains a strategic distance from the obligation of a gathering under the said agreement on event of indicated occasions, circumstances or conditions. Along these lines, the nearness of a rejection proviso secures it is possible that one gathering of an agreement from constraining its risk in the event of event of indicated occasions. Be that as it may, the law of each country makes particular sort of prohibition proviso or rejection provisos which totally stay away from the obligation of a gathering from his authoritative obligations is viewed as void and unlawful in light of a legitimate concern for open approach (McKendrick, 2014). In this way, in Singapore, the U nfair Contract Terms Act helps in controlling the agreements in Singapore by restricting the activity lawfulness of specific terms of thee contract. Along these lines, the essential target of the said Act was to restrain and limit the relevance of disclaimers in an agreement. The Unfair Contract Terms Act covers a wide range of agreements in Singapore and furthermore stretches out to cover sees which made legally binding connection between parties. In this manner, the area 3 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act in Singapore discusses risk emerging from an agreement. The said segment applies when one of the contracting parties is a customer or depends on the composed agreement term which generally utilized in a business agreement of a gathering. Along these lines, under the area 3 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act in Singapore a gathering can't by incorporating of a provision in an agreement prohibit or limit his obligation regarding any penetrate of the legally binding obligations emergi ng in the agreement or restrain or avoid execution in regard to the entire or part of the agreement. Moreover, the gathering contracting is additionally avoided from including any disclaimer which permits execution of an agreement to be led uniquely in contrast to the way which is sensibly expected (Anson et al., 2010). The term sensible is plainly characterized under the Unfair Contract Terms Act in Singapore and states that term which is reasonable for be a piece of an agreement with respect to circumstances which were known to parties at the time the agreement was made is viewed as sensible. Moreover, segment 5 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act in Singapore satiates that when merchandise are sold for individual utilization, any obligation emerging from misfortune or harm caused because of deficient products or carelessness of producer or wholesaler can't be constrained or confined by a rejection condition. In this way, in the said case, receipt given by Ben to Allan for the Russian Vodka bought by Allan isn't an agreement in itself however its only an affirmation of presence of an agreement.

Popular Music in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Famous Music in America - Essay Example Throughout the years, music instruments have bit by bit become more innovation situated and computerized music creation has picked up unmistakable quality, today there are a few types of music, for example, rap (incompletely), techno and house music where the beats are solely produced by PCs. The quickly developing force or sound delivering gadgets combined with their expanding moderateness has encouraged the division of instruments in to classifications, for example, controller and synthesizers.â The suggestion in this is today one doesn't have to have a wide cluster of instruments such a pianos, guitars harmonicas and others in order to create music. With a straightforward PC introduced with the most recent music producing programming a significant number of which are accessible for economically if not unreservedly on the web, one can really make melodic beats with considerably less a similar dynamism that could be accomplished by utilizing the convectional apparatuses. The Andro id application store additionally permits clients to download an assortment of virtual instruments, for example, consoles and guitars, while the idea is still new and not very much created, a few artists have really delivered entire tunes however their cell phones utilizing this downloadable instruments. Before the 70’s music must be recorded either on low quality recording devices or extremely enormous a costly reel to reel machines, the last were anyway only for the utilization of expert studio or rich artists attributable to their restrictive costs.â Gradually, innovation permitted the studio to be simplified.... The quickly developing force or sound creating gadgets combined with their expanding moderateness has encouraged the partition of instruments in to classes, for example, controller and synthesizers. The suggestion in this is today one doesn't have to have a wide exhibit of instruments such a pianos, guitars harmonicas and others in order to create music. With a straightforward PC introduced with the most recent music producing programming a considerable lot of which are accessible for inexpensively if not openly on the web, one can really make melodic beats with significantly less a similar dynamism that could be accomplished by utilizing the convectional devices. The Android application store likewise permits clients to download an assortment of virtual instruments, for example, consoles and guitars, while the idea is still new and not very much created, a few artists have really delivered entire melodies however their cell phones utilizing this downloadable instruments. Before the 70’s music must be recorded either on low quality recording devices or exceptionally enormous a costly reel to reel machines, the last were anyway solely for the utilization of expert studio or rich performers attributable to their restrictive expenses. Bit by bit, innovation permitted the studio to be streamlined in the late 70s with a portastudio with multitrack recording devices, which turned out to be generally accessible, and reasonable, later computerized recorders superseded the simple sound devices.3 The advanced sound workstations have with time transformed and been dense killing all the additional equipment and today for non-proficient chronicle, one just needs a PC with an excellent sound card, equipment sound interface and altering programming, for example, Adour and genius devices. Regardless of the way that proficient

Free Essays on The Heart

LOST CHILDREN â€Å"As long as any grown-up believes that he, similar to the guardians and instructors of old, can get reflective, summoning his own childhood to comprehend the young before him, he is lost.† Children nowadays, especially youths, will in general feel misconstrued by their folks, and guardians consequently feel that their adolescent children or girls are practically hard of hearing. As the security between the parent and youngster starts to fall apart, kids start to take asylum in their companions, and their reliance upon companions as opposed to guardians in the end takes cost upon their lives. As young people further away from their folks, they start to isolate into a way where returning gets more earnestly continuously. The parent and youngster are delineated in a â€Å"Calvin and Hobbes† animation article where Calvin decodes his mother’s bothering as ‘Blah blah blah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and makes sure to gesture between his moms delays. In any family, guardians normally reprove their kids. In spite of the fact that the specific level of bothering and resistance does very among family units, guardians moderately right their kids in a single manner or the other. Notwithstanding, most youngsters don't take such rebukes well, especially teenagers who generally feel that they have developed past their own folks. Young people generalization their folks as â€Å"old generation† and continually misjudging them. Young ladies feel as though their folks are over-defensive, while high school young men feel that their folks are meddling about their organizations. Guardians generally set a time limitation for their high school girls and remind her to call home on the off chance that she is r unning late. Despite the fact that her folks stress for her, young ladies feel that their folks are being over-defensive and controlling. Youthful adolescent young ladies feel limited by her father’s curfews and humiliated by the manner in which her folks call her mobile phone each time she stays late for parties. In like manner, young men are irritated by their folks steady addressing over the dinning table,... Free Essays on The Heart Free Essays on The Heart LOST CHILDREN â€Å"As long as any grown-up imagines that he, similar to the guardians and educators of old, can get reflective, summoning his own childhood to comprehend the young before him, he is lost.† Children nowadays, especially youths, will in general feel misjudged by their folks, and guardians consequently feel that their high school children or girls are for all intents and purposes hard of hearing. As the security between the parent and youngster starts to break down, kids start to take asylum in their companions, and their reliance upon companions as opposed to guardians in the end takes cost upon their lives. As youngsters further away from their folks, they start to isolate into a way where returning gets more earnestly constantly. The parent and kid are delineated in a â€Å"Calvin and Hobbes† animation article where Calvin interprets his mother’s bothering as ‘Blah blah blah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and makes sure to gesture between his moms stops. In any family, guardians normally advise their kids. In spite of the fact that the specific level of pestering and resistance does very among family units, guardians generally right their kids in a single manner or the other. Nonetheless, most youngsters don't take such exhortations well, especially teenagers who typically feel that they have developed past their own folks. Youths generalization their folks as â€Å"old generation† and continually misconstruing them. Young ladies feel as though their folks are over-defensive, while high school young men feel that their folks are meddlesome about their organizations. Guardians typically set a check in time for their adolescent girls and remind her to call home on the off chance that she is running la te. In spite of the fact that her folks stress for her, young ladies feel that their folks are being over-defensive and controlling. Youthful adolescent young ladies feel limited by her father’s curfews and humiliated by the manner in which her folks call her phone each time she stays late for parties. In like manner, young men are disturbed by their folks consistent addressing over the dinning table,...

Looking For Personal Essay Samples?

Looking For Personal Essay Samples?You will find thousands of medical school personal essay samples online. While they may be informative, it is not necessary that all of them will be truly helpful. Even though these are samples, you may want to have one or two that are specific to the job you are applying for and you do not want to repeat them.For instance, an essay that relates to the job you are applying for and shows how you would handle the specific situation will give you a leg up over other candidates. Writing about your love of nature, your knowledge of other cultures, or about your interest in the history of medicine will give you a leg up over other candidates. You should not repeat these, but you should find one that stands out in your mind when you have to meet your interviewers. It is important to note that the essay samples available online do not mean that they are necessarily writing samples. They are sample essays and there are many websites that will let you copy th em. These are not your personal essays and it is not necessary that you write them exactly the same way.The first step you should take in preparing for your personal essay samples is to look at samples in your field. Look for examples that are specific to your job. Then you can read through these and see if there are specific things that you can use to make your essay more effective.Next, take a few minutes to write your additional essays. This is the time to add in as much information about yourself as you can. You should also think about what it is that you really care about, as well as the skills you want to hone.The final step in preparing for your resume needs is to have a little fun. Make sure that your essays are lively and that they make you look professional. This is your chance to brag about yourself. Remember that your employer will see these samples and your resume needs will be placed on the desk of the person that hired you.As you can see, personal essay samples are of ten provided by students and doctors who are searching for jobs. The writer who gave you the samples is a kind person who saw a need for you. The problem is that they could have found another sample to provide.

Managerial Economics National Income - 2704 Words

Assaignment topics: Nature , conceps , measurement of nation income Classical and Keynes approaches nATIONAL INCOM E: ----The t otal sum of goods and services produced by t he people of a count ry wit h t he help of capit als and national resources called Nat ional Income (Prof. Alfred Marshall) We can define Nat ional Income as t he collective achievement of a nat ion. In t his way, t he Nat ional Income is t he aggregat e of t he individual incomes. (Prof. Gardner Ackley) Nat ional Income is t he basic concept of economic, which refers t o t he market value of t he goods and services produced during a part icular year. (Prof. Richard Lipsy) CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL INCOme ----1.GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUct Total value of output (goods and†¦show more content†¦Instead of looking so much |i|CLASSICAL ECONOMISTS-economists who | |at individual people and businesses and their economic decisions, macroeconomics deals with the |c|believe in no government regulation | |overall pattern of the economy. To star with, we will look at two main groups of economists: the |]|of the economy | |Classical Economists and the Keynesian Economists. Classical economists generally think that the | |KEYNESIAN ECONOMISTS-economists who | |market, on its own, will be able to adjust while Keynesian economists believe that the government | |believe in government regulation of | |must step in to solve problems. The two camps have differing ideas on the causes and solutions of | |the economy | |unemployment. The Classical economists believe that unemployment is caused by excess supply, which | | | |is caused by the high price level of labor. Based on supply and demand, when wages are held too high| | | |by social and politicalShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Economic Condition Of A Business Organization1433 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluenced by the formation of economy. Economics is the fact that can establish or demolish a business. 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Factors Affecting The Indian Online Retail Market

Online retail market in India: Recent changes in the Retail environment in India have pave way for major changes in the infrastructure, technology, regulation, shift in demographic patterns and changes in consumer preferences Broadbridge and Srivastava (2008). The main reasons for the transformation of retail market in India are factors such as rising disposable income, socio-economic growth, urbanization, demographic transitions, increasing middle income group and high demand. Broadbridge and Srivastava (2008). The online shopping category which is most popular in India is online travel industry followed by online retailing (IMRB, 2007). This study will aim to explain if this still holds true or there have been changes. Listed below are†¦show more content†¦Young population is more internet savy. Gupta, N., Handa, M., Gupta, B. (2008). Studies conducted on young population of India (aged between 18-25yrs) revealed that very less young adults shop online and usually buy low cost items. They do not trust online shopping and feel the need to touch and feel the product before purchasing. Gupta, N., Handa, M., Gupta, B. (2008). This research will attempt to identify how this trend has changed and to what extent. According to the research on Indian women, age is inversely related to online shopping, which

L. S. Lowrys painting Waiting for the shop to open Essay Example For Students

L. S. Lowrys painting: Waiting for the shop to open Essay In the foreground, there are people queuing outside and waiting for the shop to open. Scenes of waiting in queues were very common during the wartime in England. In this line of customers there are elderly people and also middle-aged with their children. The shop is on the left hand-side Of the painting, it has a placard with the name of the greengrocers shop and beneath it there is the number Of the street Which is significant because its a reference to the place where the scene is happening and where J. S. Lowry lived. Most of his work are scenes Of life in Bundler and its surroundings (Greater Manchester). In the background. There are factories and houses with chimneys and aerials, very frequent and characteristic landscape in Lorrys style, such as the crowds of simple dark figures, also referred to as matchstick men. Besides, the lack of colors in the background contrasts with the foreground since in the front there are plenty of colors and dark tones, however, in the background there s an absence of them, the artist uses the white tort the environment and a few other colors to shape the scene. This is why L, S, Lowry was known as a Sunday painter due to the simple human figures and the lack tot weather effects. In Waiting for the shop to open we clearly see the war artists style, a landscape of an industrial district during a shortage in asses and how L. S. Lowry remarked: If people call me a Sunday painter, Im a Sunday painter who paints every day of the week! .

Week 2 Essay Healthcare Essays - Health, , Term Papers

Week 2 Essay: Healthcare POLS210 November 20, 2016 Healthcare Currently, there are many issues that are being debated in the American healthcare system. While many of these issues have been debated upon for many years, they have recently been debated and focused on more heavily due to the Presidential election. One of the most prominent problems that is being debated right now is the cost of health insurance. Originally, the Affordable Healthcare Act was supposed to make healthcare insurance affordable and more attainable. Years after the Affordable Healthcare Act was implemented; it is apparent that it was a failure for the most part. In a great majority of cases, it failed the many Americans. The Affordable Healthcare Act in a great many cases has made healthcare insurance less affordable for the American people. The insurance costs have been on a steady incline since the Affordable Healthcare Act was put into play. It also failed by creating a federal tax for those Americans that could not afford to get coverage for themselves. There is a n array of opinions on this topic, but the majority of Americans agree that change is needed. The Presidential election this November was a stage for the debate of healthcare insurance costs. Donald Trump listen to the popular opinion of the majority of Americans and prosed to repeal the Affordable Healthcare Act/Obamacare. This solution of getting rid of Obamacare and the Affordable Healthcare Act is one that the majority of America agreed with. This solution was the most popular and was the solution that is most believed to be the most efficient and most correct solution. As far as this solution goes, healthcare insurance would return to the way it was prior to 2010 when the Affordable Healthcare Act went into place. In the bigger picture premiums, would drop and that ridiculous tax for not being to afford health insurance would vanish. Yet another solution is to leave the Affordable Healthcare Act intact, but to get the premiums down by getting the non-profit insurers back into the insurance Marketplace. The goal would be to get those non-profit insurers into insuring again at higher numbers so as to cut down on the numbers being insured by for-profit companies. A great many believe that the rise in for-profits insuring in the Marketplace is a cause to the rise in insurance premiums and other costs. It is proposed that if the vast majority was being insured by non-profits the premiums and costs would fall. The American people would again be able to purchase health insurance for companies that were not in it solely to make money for themselves and their company, but instead would actually care about the people, as well as care about being able to provide affordable and reliable health insurance. The solution to the rising and outlandish costs of health insurance that seems to be the best, and most popular with public opinion, is to repeal and do away with the Affordable Healthcare Act/Obamacare. The public opinion spoke in the Presidential election and the candidate that side with this solution won the election. There is no question that this is the solution that is agreed upon my most American people. Before the Affordable Healthcare Act was implemented, there were lower deductibles and premiums. There was also not a tax for not being able to afford and purchase health insurance. This solution is the only one that the American people believe would work. It is the solution they feel necessary in order to get things back on track. We need to start back at ground zero again as far as health insurance and the cost of health insurance goes. Federal government is the one that has the most effect on healthcare and its costs. There are a few rules and regulations at a state level, but the clear majority is Federal. Healthcare insurance companies like to pride themselves on being private; however, since the Affordable Healthcare Act has come into play that just is not that case. The federal government has rules and regulations that the companies must follow nowadays, plus the federal government also provides funds for some insurance companies such as Medicaid and Medicare. The insurance companies, rules, and regulations,

Definition and Examples of Linguicism

Definition and Examples of Linguicism Linguicism is discrimination based on language or dialect: linguistically argued racism. Its also known as  linguistic discrimination.  The term was coined in the 1980s by linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, who defined linguicism as ideologies and structures that are used to legitimate, effectuate and reproduce an unequal division of power and resources between groups which are defined on the basis of language. Examples and Observations English linguistic imperialism is one sub-type of linguicism. Linguistic imperialism on the part of the speakers of any language exemplifies linguicism. Linguicism may be in operation simultaneously with sexism, racism, or classism, but linguicism refers exclusively to ideologies and structures where language is the means for effecting or maintaining an unequal allocation of power and resources. This could apply, for instance, in a school in which the mother tongues of some children, from an immigrant or indigenous minority background, are ignored, and this has consequences for their learning. Linguicism is also in operation if a teacher stigmatizes the local dialect spoken by the children and this has consequences of a structural kind, that is, there is an unequal division of power and resources as a result.(Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford University Press, 1992)Systemic linguicism may appear whenever the official education framework impedes individuals belonging t o a particular language group in the exercise of rights enjoyed by other students. Moreover, discrimination may take place whenever the state without an objective and reasonable justification fails to treat differently persons whose linguistic situations are significantly different. On the other hand, a government that has no comprehensive data on the linguistic composition of the state population scarcely can provide evidence for the objectiveness of its language policy. . . .[F]undamentally, linguicism is a matter of depriving people of power and influence due to their language.(Pivi Gynther, Beyond Systemic Discrimination. Martinus Nijhoff, 2007) Overt and Covert Linguicism- There are different forms of linguicism. Overt linguicism is exemplified by the prohibition of the use of particular languages for instruction. Covert linguicism is illustrated by de facto non use of certain languages as languages of instruction, even if their use is not explicitly forbidden.(William Velez, Race and Ethnicity in the United States: An Institutional Approach. Rowman and Littlefield, 1998)- Linguicism can be open (the agent does not try to hide it), conscious (the agent is aware of it), visible (it is easy for non-agents to detect), and actively action oriented (as opposed to merely attitudinal). Or it can be hidden, unconscious, invisible, and passive (lack of support rather than active opposition), typical of later phases in the development of minority education.(Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, Linguistic Genocide in Education, or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000)Promotion of Prestige Varieties of English[I]n English teac hing, varieties deemed more native-like are promoted as more prestigious for learners while localized varieties are stigmatized and suppressed (see Heller and Martin-Jones 2001). For example, in many post-colonial countries like Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, and India, schools insist on teaching British or American English. The varieties used in everyday life, such as Sri Lankan, Chinese, or Indian English are censored from classroom use.(Suresh Canagarajah and Selim Ben Said, Linguistic Imperialism. The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, ed. by James Simpson. Routledge, 2011) See also: Linguistic ImperialismAccent Prejudice  and  Dialect PrejudiceDrawlEnglish-Only MovementLanguage MythLanguage PlanningMultilingualismNative SpeakerismPrestige

Current Issues in Corporate Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Current Issues in Corporate Reporting - Essay Example Traditionally the focus was solely on the financial information for investment, but scenario has changed now. Corporate reporting does not only mean focusing on the value drivers in terms of financials, but on the non-financial aspects too (Mallin, 2009, p. 17). Corporate reporting process will keep evolving and improving according to the market condition and requirements. Companies have started getting the pressure from the regulatory bodies for developing meaningful disclosure and reports in order to present a transparent image before the stakeholders (Everingham, 2008, p. 1). This study is regarding the need for new approaches of corporate reporting and the problems that have been faced by the regulatory body in developing and producing such a framework. The new approaches were proposed to reflect the wider and long-term outcomes of decisions that are taken by the organization. Integrated reporting mainly focuses on the strategically significant requirements that would assist the firm in developing a strong competitive advantage. It will also assist in securing the credit and capital, build good business relationships, and help to develop strategies for competition. The stakeholders would be receiving an enhanced information source regarding the sustainability and quality of the performances of the company (Hopwood, Unerman, and Fries, 2012, p. 36-39). The integrated reporting has moved beyond the traditional silo approach of gathering and reporting information. In integrated reporting comprehensive assessment approach is followed, in which the company’s performance and values are presented in an inclusive manner, so that the investors has information other than only the financials of the company (Loska, 2011, p. 9). The comp rehensive approach requires understanding the strategy drivers of the company, identification of the key stakeholders and their explicit expectations, and implementation of different processes for obtaining the

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance Management - Essay Example Assessment Center: Technique that uses interviews, tests, simulations, games, and observations to evaluate an individual's potential. My department's appraisal is based on the performance measurement system that uses graphic scales. This is one of the most popular performance appraisal systems. Typically the manager can choose one of the five degrees for each criterion. The selection of the criteria to be measured can be centered on subjective factors (such as initiative and dependability) and/or on objective factors (such as quality and quantity of work). Advantages of the Graphic Scales This kind of performance measurement is quick to develop It is very easy to administer since grading is easy. It can be used easily across a number of employees for comparison. Disadvantages of the Graphic scales There is not much depth in the assessment standards. There is a probability for a contrast effect, that is an average employee following an outstanding employee may be rated as poor, an ave rage person following after an employee with a poor rating may be graded excellent There might be a friendship bias, meaning a positive form of leniency where a manager rates an employees perform better than it actually is based on his personal relationship with him. A central tendency where the managers tend towards the middle of the rating scale. A positive/negative halo when the appraiser tends to rate performance either at one extreme or another. Positive/negative leniency when the manager seems to exaggerate the swing towards better or worse performance. Ambiguity in the interpretation of scales by the manager causes poor rating. Impact on employees The performance appraisal is conducted fairly and with an open mind often has a positive... There is a probability for a contrast effect, that is an average employee following an outstanding employee may be rated as poor, an average person following after an employee with a poor rating may be graded excellent When the appraisal is e xecuted fairly and squarely, the employee comes away happy with the rating he received. Mostly, better ratings are linked to rewards and incentives commonly the raise he is eligible for the next year and most employees look forward to it. It overall improves his morale and motivates him to better his performance and hence makes reaching his goals and objectives easier. Even in areas where he has not met expectations and received a low rating, a capable appraiser is able to create reassurance in the employee of future performance and growth. Often, the appraiser and the appraised know each other well due to working side by side on a daily basis. When the given rating does not appeal to the employee, it paves the way for a lot of tension between the employee and management.  Ã‚  

Jean Baudrillards concept of the orders of simulacra Essay Example for Free

Jean Baudrillards concept of the orders of simulacra Essay A commodity appears at first sight, a very trivial thing, and easily understood. Its analysis shows that it is in reality, a very queer thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties (Marx). It has long been a condition of western culture to act for the accumulation of material objects. This is in part due to the capitalist nature of the world within which we live. Marx identifies in The Critique of Capitalism the emergence of two new classes of people, namely capitalists and labourers. The term capitalist describes any person who has personal ownership of capital, which consists of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence (Marx). In contrast a labourer has only the value of his labour (life activity), which he exchanges with the capitalist for a wage and as such the worker sinks to the level of commodity (Marx). Because the labourer produces for the capitalist a commodity of greater value than that of his wages and in addition those wages are paid back to the capitalist in return for subsistence, therefore social control in exerted over the working class, whilst providing the capitalist with excess commodity. The labourer consentingly becomes a slave to the system on which he depends. In addition Marx states that as the relation between capitalist and labourer (manufacturer and consumer) develops, so competition between rival capitalists becomes apparent. In effect the capitalist is forced to capture more of the market by selling goods more cheaply by the consolidation and exploitation of labour power e.g. by machinery. Such a strategy ultimately limits the demand for labour and so new industries must be developed for exploitation. These new industries are necessary because capital exists only in relation to its ability to command labour and social control and as such they reciprocally condition the existence of each other (Marx). These forced increases in demand and therefore production are evident in the contemporary world market. Important to the development of Capitalism is the use of money which abstracts labour and commodity values to a common unit for the purpose of trade. In effect the labourer discovers that the product of his activity is not the object of his activity (Marx) thus a level of abstraction occurs, which was consistent with the modernist values of the time. Karl Marx and early capitalism were mainly concerned with production which remains important but it was Situationist, Guy Debord, who gave the first insights into late capitalism and the theories that best apply to todays world economics and culture of commodities. Debord, in his book The Society of the Spectacle, bases his examination of commodities around consumption, media, information and technology. As such Debord suggests that in societies where modern conditions of production prevail, all of life presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation. By this he means to describe the world and its products as mere appearances, where the real meanings and values of commodities are translated into signs. Essentially it is a world vision that has been objectified (Debord). Debord explains the phenomenon of the spectacle as resulting from the ever increasing production of capitalism. Because competition between capitalists inevitably leads to an excess of produce, so consumer demand must be increased. Such an increase is controllable by the spectacle as the real consumer becomes a consumer of illusions, (Debord) so he can be manipulated to believe he must consume beyond the basic necessity for survival e.g. leisure products. Therefore the spectacles form and content are identically the total justification of the existing systems conditions and goals (Debord). The spectacle is mediated in society as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption, (Debord). The effects of the mediated spectacle tend to lead the consumer to an experience of alienation as the consumers want for commodities is dictated to serve and maintain capitalism. In addition the spectacle constantly reinforces itself, for example the television, which is in itself a product of the spectacle that is then used by the capitalist to implement the advertisement of other spectacles. Essentially the spectacle is the nightmare of imprisoned modern society (Debord) and explains the transition from the degradation of being into having to having into appearing (Debord). Jean Baudrillard took Marxs Critique of Capitalism and Debords The Society of the Spectacle to their conclusions with his own theory of simulation and simulacra. Similar to the idea of the spectacle, Baudrillard describes a world where the subject of everything has been replaced by a semiological value that has become more important than the original, real meaning of the object. This object he calls a simulacra. In Simulacra and Simulation Baudrillard adds extra complexity to these ideas by establishing a hierarchy of simulation, which he gives four orders. In the first order the object is a copy of an original and so can be linked to a basic reality, for example a photograph of an actual event. The second order of simulation misrepresents the original subject; in the example the photography has been digitally manipulated in Photoshop to present a non-occurrence. In the third order a reality is recreated from a simulation of an original reality, when in fact, through the process of simulacra, the original has been lost, e.g. a scene is recreated from the digitally manipulated photograph of the original event. Finally, the forth order of simulation is the combined process of the first, second and third order to such an extent that the object bears no relation to reality or the original, for example the photograph has become a virtual reality. In this instance the link between reality and the signifying systems is almost impossible to ascertain, thus creating a hyper-reality. It is the use of one simulacra as a basis for the formation of another simulacra that shows the first signs of relevance to post modernity. Consequently, in post modernism, everything is understood in relation to everything that has come before, which in design manifests itself in referencing. Post modernism is also concerned with the fact that there is no right or wrong and essentially that no real truth exists. It is of course possible for a sign to make a transition through all four of the orders of simulation, constantly abstracting meaning and widening the gap between simulation and reality. However due to the complexity of repeated abstraction and signification it becomes necessary for an amount of speculation and simplification to occur when examining transitional examples. If we take, for example, the now famous emblem of automotive company Rolls Royce, it becomes apparent the extent to which a symbolic object can be re-simulated, each time loosing a part of its original meaning. Spirit of Ecstasy, designed by sculptor Charles Sykes and mass produced in 1911, is a cast metal emblem representing the figurine of a girl with arms outstretched to hold the folds of her gown blowing in the breeze. To the present day this emblem has been displayed on the bonnets of Rolls Royce cars and is the first order of simulation in terms of it being a representation of a real person from which the sculpture has been modelled. The object also references the figure heads of classic sailing ships in an attempt to convey the automotive product as an elegant, quite and reliable vehicle, which were the mediated associations with the brand during the early development of the company. In this instance the object enters the third order of simulation as a real event (model posing for sculptor) is created from an existing symbolic object (sailing boat figure heads) in order to be recreated as a new symbolic object (Spirit of Ecstasy emblem). At this point it is important to note that this example as an investigation could examine many more stages of referencing prior to the signs use as figure heads, though this could prove too difficult and inaccurate, again reinforcing the existence of a hyper-reality. The tea pot, designed by Michael Graves in 1985 for Alessi, brings the symbol to its conclusion. The tea pot employs a plastic emblem of a bird that is attached to the spout of the kettle and creates a whistling noise when the water is boiled. This creates a pun between the whistling of a kettle and the singing of bird but more importantly, its similar visual appearance (i.e. the wings of the bird and the outstretched arms and gown of the girl) makes a reference of Rolls Royce cars. Because during the late 20th century the values associated with Rolls Royce have matured to convey the brand as one of top class and status, so it are these value that are associated with Graves tea pot, supposed to the original associations that Rolls Royce was referencing from classic sailing ships. Therefore the product has clearly entered the forth order of simulation is it holds no relation to the original meaning that the original object as sign attempted to represent. Also, by referencing past signs, it can be described as a post modern object. Like Debord, Baudrillard agreed that simulation was important to the survival of capitalism as it, through mediation, can control the level of consumption within society. Baudrillard used the term valorisation to describe the process through which symbolic objects attain value. An excellent example of valorisation is Pokemon cards, which are essentially printed illustrations on card and so their use value is very low. However, via mediation, Pokemon cards have been given a simulated symbolic value that has made them desirable and powerful as a commodity. As well as design, Baudrillards theory of simulation and simulacra has also proved influential in film making, for example in The Matrix, directed by the Wachowski brothers. The Matrix is set in the future at a time when the real world has been reduced to a desert waste land by a war between humanity and machines; after the invention of artificial intelligence. Because the machines are dependant on solar power, the humans have caused the equivalent of a nuclear winter by blocking out sunlight. This has caused the machines to retaliate by imprisoning humans in gel filled pods so that energy can be extracted from them in the form of heat. In order to control the humans in this procedure a computer simulated world called the matrix exists, that all of the imprisoned humans are connected to, living their lives in what they believe is the late 20th century, oblivious to the fact that their real bodies are in stasis in the real world. The film therefore acts as a metaphor for contemporary western cultures. Firstly the matrix is an existence of the fourth order of simulation in that it is a system of mere signs that are completely detached from reality, i.e. hyper-reality. Just as in contemporary cultures, the people who live in the matrix are unaware that they are controlled by a system through simulation. You are a slave, neo, like everyone else you were born into bondage, born into a prison that you cannot smell or taste or touch, a prison for your mind What is the matrix? Control. The matrix is a computer generated dream world built to keep us under control in order to change a human being into this (he holds up a copper battery) (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix). In addition the film suggests that the prisoners of the Matrix are also dependant upon it, to the extent that they will fight to protect it. Baudrillards idea of mediasation appears in the film when it is suggested that there was a machine spawning a whole race of machines (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix), thus the social control of the machines (mediation of signs) increasingly exert themselves with every new generation. Interestingly The Matrix seems to offer a solution to simulation and social control by the system, which is one of enlightenment. Once Neo understands the systems and can see the signs (computer code) of the matrix for what they really are, then he can choose to follow a different set of rules thus gaining control of his environment. As well as a theological basis on Baudrillard, The Matrix tends to convey the story via symbolic references and thus is post modern by nature. For example the follow the white rabbit scene employs a tattoo of a white rabbit, which is referenced from Alice in Wonderland in order to convey the uncertainty in discovering the truth of an alternate reality. In the same scene Neo also opens a copy Baudrillards Simulacra and Simulation in effect reinforcing links to that element of the film. In conclusion, I have identified the main themes surrounding Baudrillards orders of simulacra and simulation, shown how they relate to modern and post modern design and have given contemporary examples of their use in product design and film making. I believe that such an understanding of simulation has served well to better understanding referencing in post modernity. References Debord, G., (1977) The Society of the Spectacle, Black Red Poster, M., (1998) Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings, Polity Press Tucker, R. C., (1978) The Marx Engels Reader Second Edition, Norton Company Bibliography Hebdige, D., (1994) Hiding in the Light, Routledge http://www.geneseo.edu/~bicket/panop/baudrillard.ht http://www.artisanitorium.thehydden.com/nonfiction/film/matrix.htm http://www.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/master_frame.html

Holland Tunnel Essay -- History Historical tunnels Engineering Essays

Holland Tunnel It has taken engineers thousands of years to perfect the art of digging tunnels. Today tunnels provide available space for cars and trains, water and sewage, even power and communication lines. However, before cars and trains, tunnels carried only water. The first to use tunnels on a major scale were the Romans. Roman engineers created the most extensive network of tunnels in the ancient world. The Romans built aqueducts to carry water from mountain springs to cities and villages; however, in many instances there were obstacles, such as rock formations, in between the spring and the city of interest. To solve these problems the Romans built tunnels by carving underground chambers and building elegant arch structures to carry fresh water into the city and wastewater out. As transportation technology progressed the demand for tunnels also evolved, and by the 17th century tunnels were being constructed for canals. Before the use of roads or railways to transport raw materials from the country to the city, waterways were the best way to haul freight over great distances. The major expansion in tunnel construction came with the introduction of the train and the automobile in the 19th and 20th century. The first major underwater mechanically ventilated tunnel was the Holland tunnel; it set the stage for all tunnels to follow by tackling the engineering obstacles surrounding underwater automobile tunnel traffic. With the rapid rise of the auto at the turn of the century Hudson River ferries struggled to meet demands and were carrying 30 million vehicles each year between New York and New Jersey. In 1906 a joint commission between New York and New Jersey was created to bridge the Hudson between Manhattan and Jer... ... normalize. The bridge opened in 1927 at the time the toll was 50 cents and the trip took eight minutes. The tunnel, when it opened, was the longest underwater tunnel in the world, with its north tube 8,558 feet long and its south tube 8,371 feet long. On its first day of operation 51,694 vehicles passed through it. The total cost of the tunnel was $48 million. Today, it would cost approximately $1.4 billion not including the purchase of the necessary land from Manhattan and Jersey City. Work Cited http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/holland/, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.panynj.gov/tbt/htframe.HTM, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.panynj.gov/tbt/hthist.HTM, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/holland/, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/holland.html, Tuesday October 2, 2004

Fantastic Literature Essay

Fantasy is a product of our subconscious minds. Just like the stories of the past, fantastic literature tries to give its messages with an indirectly way for making an impact to our subconscious minds. In other words, Fantastic literature is a genre of fiction that uses imagination, magic, supernatural elements such as ghosts, harpies, trolls, mermaids, nymphs, vampires, centaurs, personifications, allegories and unrealistic elements as its primary plot element, theme or setting. Many fantastic works includes an imaginary world where magic and fantastic creatures are common. The best known and successful English work for the genre is J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings triology. But there are lots of successful works and famous writers of the genre such as Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, Stephen King’s The Dark Tower, George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire, J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and H.P. Lovecraft’s collection of stories ab out Cthulhu Mythos. The fantastic literature starts with the bed time stories in childhood such as fairy tales or folk tales to give instructions. We can say, it has a special appealing to children because of its didactic nature for giving moral lessons. Moreover, the children are too young to know the difference between real and the fantasy. Much of these folk tales comes from the times of Middle Ages where the place storytelling has an importance. This importance changed by the time due to technological advancements because rational progress decreased the amount of these stories. It happens to everyone when you grow up, the advancement of rational progress can decrease your superstitious beliefs and imagination. But using the middle age as setting, establishes a perfect base for fantastic stories because of the lack of technology, dogmatic thoughts and the importance of storytelling. Therefore even in our time, the fantastic works uses the middle age as its setting and much of the works in fantastic literature takes place in Middle age. When we come to its origin, in western culture, the origin of the fantastic literature depends on the mythic stories. But if we specifically give a document name for the genre, then we can say its origin comes from the stories of Homer The Iliad and The Odyssey. In eastern culture, this origin comes from Arabian Nights. The iliad and odyssey gives us the definition of the genre in the first place because of its contents. In case of Odyssesy, it includes gods, monsters such as centaurs, Cyclops or witches and wizards. And there is also a quest in the story as its plot. Odysseus tries to return to his home at Ithaca but he is not allowed by Poseidon because of his insults such as killing his cyclop son and claiming that he won the troy with only his own mind tricks. It is quiet similar to the stories of the Arthurian Romance such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight because of their usage of quest as framework. Same thing is in use in the case of LOTR. As a characteristic of the genre, there is always a quest in a fantastic work. Many of them include a universe as their setting look alike Middle ages because it is easy to create stories when you created the universe. There are also some common themes of the genre such as Good vs. Evil, Deceived heroes, making a sacrifice for saving the earth, journey to unknown etc.. All of these elements are in Fantastic literature to give lessons. The sign of a Fantast ic work is the inclusion of fantastic elements, a self-coherent setting as a universe to take place in and the inspirations from the mythology or folk stories. It gives a freedom of expression to author for explaining a rational sense within a supernatural framework. Therefore it may confuse the reader but there is always a message in these fantastic stories. It starts with the fairy tales in childhood. Fairy tale: Fairy tales a stories that contains a message and has an appealing to children for giving instructions with an indirectly style and by showing example through the story. Fairy tales aims to give moral lessons to its audience. Therefore, it is the first tutor of the mankind. They may include elves, dwarves, fairies, giants, ogres, trolls, goblins, mermaids, witches and wizards. There is always an adventure or a quest in these stories. But they are different than the legends in essence because there may be a truth behind the legends. Ancient Greeks are often accepted the legends as real events and told their stories for centuries but they didn’t the same thing for the folk tales. There is always a certain pattern in these fa iry tales, all of them starts with same word Once upon a time for implying that the story takes place in an unknown time. There is also a happy conclusion at the end of these stories such as â€Å"they lived happily ever after†. They can be found in oral or literary form but it is hard to trace their origins. Many of them may appear in different cultures with variations. Much of them appeals to adults but they are often associated  with children. There are some collectors of these folktales such as Grimm Brothers and Charles Perrault. Folklorists have classified the fairy tales with various ways. Among them Vlademir Propp is one of the most notable with his Morphology of the Tale. Vladamir Propp was a Russian folklorist scholar who analyzed the framework of Russian folk tale and published his analysis with name of Morphology of the Folktale in 1928. In his work, he divided fairy tale into sections and through these sections he tried to define the series of sequences within a fairy tale. To him, a fairy tale usually starts with an initial situation. And right after that there are 31 different se quences with different functions. He used this method to analyze the frame work of the Russian folk tales. Propp’s morphology is an exemplar for the analysis. In this type, the structural organization of a folkloristic text follows a chronological order as linear. Therefore, we can see if the tale has all of these elements from A to Z. Also we can give a name to those sequences. A tale usually starts with an initial situation such as with the enumeration of the family or the brief introduction of the hero. And after this point there are 31 sequences. Absentation: In this part, a member of the family leaves the home such as a prince may leave home to go for a journey by leaving his wife back. This absentation can also be someone’s death or going for a walk, fishing..Interdiction: In this point, the instruction comes to the hero such as don’t change your way, don’t talk with stranger, take care of your little brother to preparing a base for the further calamity. Violation: A counter action happens against to interdiction such as hero often violates this limitatio n and leaves the right way, talks with strangers. At this point a new person enters the story. And it could be a dragon, wolf, witch or a stepmother as a villain. Reconnaissance: Villain makes an attempt to find something. Villain is in search of something valuable or information such as the location of the children, wolf’s aim to find the goal of Little Red Cap by questioning her. Delivery: Villain receives a directly information to his questions. The wolf learns the house of the grandmother. Trick: The villain makes a persuasion. It is an attempt to trick his victim in order to take possession for his victim. Dragon turns into a golden goat, the witch turns into an old beggar and tries to give poisonous apple, wolf tries to act like grandmother by wearing her clothes. Complicity: The victim accepts the deception and helps  his enemy without knowing. Princess accepts the apple, The wolf acts like grandmother and little red cap could not recognize it. Villainy or lack of something: The villain causes harm or injury such as princess falls into a sleep after taking a bite from the apple, the wolf devours the little red cap as a result o f violation of the interdiction. One member of the family is in lack of something or desires to have something. The Prince intends to search for his bride, A magical agent is needed to wake someone up, huntsman tries to find a prey Mediation: the hero enters into tale with a quest or he is dispatched. The prince appears and decides to go for a journey to the tower of sleeping beauty, the huntsman appear hearing the snores of the wolf by thinking that there must be something wrong. Beginning counteraction: The hero sees the situation and decides to do something, the huntsman sees the belly of the wolf and thinks that he devoured them, the prince hears the story of sleeping beauty. Departure: the hero leaves home to make a counterattack. First function of the donor: A donor appears and meets with the hero or greets him for testing him to give some kind of a magical agent. The hero’s reaction: hero gives an answer to donor such as making a help to him, showing mercy, completes a service, learns some tactics, The hero receives the magical agent: he receives some kind of a power to defeat to evil. The transference between two kingdoms: The hero is transferred from one place to another to whereabouts an object or search. The hero flies through air on a bird, or travels on a boat. Struggle: The hero and the villain fights to get something for themselves. Branded: the hero receives a wound during the fight. Victory: the villain is beaten during the open battle or loses the game of cards. Liquidation: The initial misfortune resolved, spell casts off, captives freed Return: the hero returns to his home Pursuit: The some kind of evil pursues the hero and tries to kill him Rescue: the hero is rescued from the pursuit, an obstacle may delay the pursuer, the hero hides or saves his life from the pursuer. Unrecognized arrival: hero returns his home but no one recognizes him just like in the case of  Odysseus. False claims: A false hero appears and presents unfounded claims. DIFFICULT TASK: Difficult task proposed to the hero (trial by ordeal, riddles, test of strength/endurance, other tasks); SOLUTION: Task is resolved; RECOGNITION: Hero is recognized (by mark, brand, or thing given to him/her); EXPOSURE: False hero or villain is exposed; TRANSFIGURATION: Hero is given a new appearance (is made whole, handsome, new garments etc.); PUNISHMENT: Villain is punished; WEDDING: Hero marries and ascends the throne (is rewarded/promoted). Grimm Brothers were two unusual German scholars, linguists, academicians and great philologists that lived in the 19th century. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were two brothers and these brothers were nationalists and intended to collect the old Germanic stories and publish them to show the universality of German language. They were very interested with the Germanic folklore tales and dedicated rest of their lives to collect these tales. Therefore they collected stories and folk tales from the country and represented a pure form of national literature and culture. They established a kind of methodology for recording and collecting these folk tales and later on it became a basis for the folklore studies. They published their first collection of Germanic stories, and folk tales in 1812 with the name of Children’s and Housholde Tales. Their stories, includes the all details of German language and Germanic cultural identity. Their works translated into more than 100 languages. The most important and famous stories of them are Rapunzel, The Snow White, Hansel and Gretel, Cinderella, The Frog Prince and Little Red Cap. Little Red Cap Little red cap is a Germanic folk tale that published by Grimm brothers in their story collection known as Children’s and Household Tales in 1812. It is the 26t1h story of this story collection. It tells the story of a sweet but not obedience girl known as little red cap because of her famous Red Hood. But behind the background of the story, it is a story about grow up by leaving the naà ¯ve thoughts behind. It is a story that questions the curiosity of the children and urges them to leave these thoughts and get mature by following rules. By using the big bad wolf as a villain, it gives  us a message that don’t be so naà ¯ve, these fine gentlemen are nothing but greedy wolfs and they are so hungry for using your naivety for their own sexual purposes. So, follow your rules and don’t ever change your way. It can be interpreted as a moral tale, to give a message such as don’t talk with sexual predators. After the brief presentation of the characters, the story starts with an absentation in which the grandmother is sick. So her mother gives her a bucket and says bring this to grandma and don’t leave the path or you might break the glass. This is our interdiction and our quest. But she doesn’t listen to her mother, a counter action (violation) happens against to interdiction and wolf makes an entrance to story. The wolf questions the little red cap, this is our reconnaissance. And she answers all its questions with a naivety and describes the way that goes to her grandma. (delivery). The wolf goes there devours grandma and takes place of her (trick). She comes to house and accepts its trick without knowing what it is (complicity). And wolf devours her as result of her wrong actions (Villainy harm). Some versions of the story like Charles Perrault version ends in here but Grimm version continues. The huntsman makes an entrance to story (mediation). And he decides to free grandma and little red cap(beginning of counter reaction). He cuts the bell of wolf with a scissor and saves them both. This is the rebirth of Little red cap as a mature (Struggle, branding, victory, liquidation ). In any case, it is a story of puberty rite in which the red cap born again as an adult woman and learns how to act against to odds. After that point she doesn’t cares about the other childish things. The advancement of her rational progress is ending her childhood. The Frog King- Iron Heinrich The frog king is the first story of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm which they published it in their folk tale collection known as Children and Household Tales. The frog king is all about the glimmers of emotional life where they are developing in the first place, the childhood. It is story about sexual awakening in human beings, its acceptance and maturation process in human beings. There are some symbols in the story such as the frog, the princess and the Golden ball. The frog is the symbol of production and fertility and it is connected with witchcraft. Princess is the symbol of purified aspect of human soul and the golden ball is the symbol of perfection. The princes  in this story, is so beautiful, even more beautiful than sun that is explains her relationship and her desires towards to golden ball. When she lost the ball, she grieves at not only her ball but also grieves over her loss of innocence. She thinks that she will not be the whole again. But the only thing that can make her whole again is an ugly frog. She likes herself and this situation represents her narcissistic psyche. In the story, the princess increasingly becomes more anxious, angry and full of fear with the idea of marrying with a frog. She is not yet ready for the marriage. As the frog comes closer to her, she becomes more disgusted. This is also gives us her idea about awakening of sex throughout the puberty. But actually she becomes more a person while the frog comes closer to her. The father in this story is responsible for the marriage of the princess and he commands her to keep her word. Her actions are all under her id and there is a need for the development of super ego in her personality. Therefore, the responsible conscience of King helps to development of superego in child’s mind for bringing happiness, love and marriage to her life. And to become whole again, she finally decides to throw it against to wall by taking all the risks to gain her independence. This moment of violence is a painful experience but it is necessary. By doing so, she transcends her anxiety and hatred into a love. She becomes more a person by developing identity and her ugly frog turns into a handsome prince in her eyes. Snow White The story of Snow white is a Germanic Folktale that published in 1812 by Grimm brothers in their Collection of stories known as Children’s and Household Tales as the 53rd story. It is a story about the cycle of life as can be seen from the color symbolism of the story. But it also increases the theme of maturation process of a girl through some tests. It is a very common theme which can be found in the stories of Grimm brothers maybe because of the fact that their informants were woman or to put an emphasis on marriage for representing its importance in a feudal and patriarchal German society. Who knows? Anyway most of their stories are including these themes of Marriage, maturation, loss of innocence, growing up and including these damsels in distress as main characters. And in most of their stories the true love comes after the defeat of self-love as reward of maturation. Story starts with a queen’s wish to have a baby like white as snow, red as  blood and black as wood. It is a kind of symbolism of life that represents the natural cycle of life in which after every death a life starts to its lifetime. As a result snow white represents this natural cycle, she is the personification of this cycle. As soon as she born, her mother dies in order to give a birth to her. And that is also another emphasis that given to represent this cycle. After this point her unconcerned king father marries with another woman who is wicked. The unconcerned personality of King, although there is no king in the story, represents the feudal European perspective of seeing women as object. The personality of stepmother is another issue; she is the personification of immatureness. It is clear that she has failed in her personality development to have an identity. Therefore, she has only the self-interest just like the princess in The Frog King or Iron Heinrich. Therefore she plays her role to prevent Snow White for reaching her age because of her envy, pride and hatred. She orders to huntsman to kill her but he spares instead of killing her. He spares her because of potential status as a woman and bringer of new life. Therefore, the existence of huntsman also is a foreshadowing for the union of the opposite forces such as man and woman. In the story she deceives Snow White for three times and each times represents another aspect of life just like the color symbolism. In the first with a lace to prevent breath (White) which represents the spiritual matureness, second with a comb (Black) to represent the physical matureness and in the last with a red apple (red) to represent death or blood for establishing a basis for the death of childhood and the rebirth of as mature woman. Sleeping in a glass coffin also supports this idea of rebirth as a mature woman. Glass coffin represents the being in a woman’s womb. In essence, the witchcraft of queen was nothing but a test. After completing all these tests she becomes a mature woman and young prince appears as a reward. She marries with him. Therefore, completing these tests is essential in human life and story tries to put an emphasis especially to this aspect of life. The real love comes with maturation and with the sacrifice of childhood, it is necessary to get a real identity. And the time of union puts an end to the efforts of retarding powers with the hot iron shoes. The queen dies as dancing for celebrating the rhythmic cycle of life and death. All in all, Snow white is a story that explains the nature of creation, how something new comes into being through the  repetition of same cycle of transformation which is necessary in a traditional society. Cinderella The story of Cinderella is a European folk tale which published in 1812 by Grimm Brothers as the 21st story in their collection of Folk tales known as Children’s and Household Tales. It was also published by Charles Perrault in 1697. The Grimm version of the story is a dark version because it doesn’t include a fairy mother, pumpkin that turns into a carriage, animals that turns into henchmen. In Grimm version there is a Grant tree and talking pigeons. There is forgiveness in Perrault’s story for stepsisters but Grimm version there is a punishment for sisters in which stepsisters are blinded by pigeons. It is a story about an orphaned girl and it focusses on her rising into higher status and redeeming with happiness through hard work, suffer and marriage. Then again, the story gives us the patriarchal perspective of marriage and its importance by showing a poor girl’s struggling for rising into power and changing her status within this hierarchical society. The story can be interpreted from so many perspectives such as sociological, Freudian, feminism. But its theme is simple, young women can be saved by wealthy men. The golden slipper in the story stands there as a symbol of perfectness or perfect life. The story narrates the recovery process of a poor girl’s after an early wound such as loss of her mother. It is a process of person’s redeem and reaching happiness through hard working. Therefor the story represents a person’s search for identity and self-esteem. The tale opens with an initial situation and the narration of characters as usual but then suddenly a member of the family leaves the family as it happened in the case of mother. Interdiction also comes in this moment, the mother tells her daughter right before her death, remain pious and good only then our dear god will protect you. After a time later, her ignorant father marries again and evil stepmother and stepsisters appears as villain to start their devilish deeds. She loses her social status and starts to live her life as a maid in the kitchen. Throughout the story she keeps her dignity against to all evil dee ds of the sisters and as a result her donor appears in the form of pigeons and grant tree. The donor offers her dreams to her and also through these it tries to test her. Eventually she passes all her tests by remaining pious and takes care of the wicked  step family. As a result, her foot fits to slippery shoe as an embodiment of perfectness. The story ends with a happy ending. There are different explanations of the story. We can think the slippery as the woman and we can think the foot as the man and their union as the perfect union of man and woman. From this point of view, story is about a woman’s search for sexual fulfillment. We can also look at it with a sociological perspective. Then we can say, it is about a woman’s struggle for rising into power within a patriarchal society through marriage. Prince choses Cinderella because her foots are tiny while sisters not. Her foots are tiny because she is coming from an upper class unlike them, but she loses her social status. In the end of the story, she manages to replace her social status through marriage and redeems with life. It is also a good role model for feminism for showing how young girls and women should not be. Cinderella is a kind, pious and passive girl. She can’t make stand for herself. She is waiting a prince for herself to rescue her from the misery and all of her actions are against to feminist ideas. Modern woman is expected to be more assertive in order to survive in the world but she can’t. Instead of that she is acting more pious by thinking that her dignity will save her. And this situation is giving us a sociological insight about the feudal European society. Enter Sandman Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann was a German Romantic writer, critic, musician and composer who opened his eyes to earth in 1776. He was famous with his works of horror and fantasy fiction. He is the author of The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which famous The Nutcracker ballet based. In 1816, he composed one of his fantastic, horror stories which known as â€Å"The Sandman† and published it in 1817 within short story collection, known as â€Å"The Night Pieces†. The sandman is story about a childhood trauma that in the form of letters. It starts a bizarre and horrifying childhood story about a creature known as Sandman. The first letter is from Nathanael to Lothar. According to Nathanael, The sandman is a creature of night who is visiting unsleeping children and bleeding them with his sands to steal their eyes for feeding his own children on the moon. Scary isn’t it? This story becomes an obsession for him. And one night he plans to spy it and hides himself t o his father’s room. In there he sees Coppelius, a lawyer and one of his father’s associates and he catches him and desires to burn his eyes. But his father  stands against for him. Nathanael becomes ill and his father dies after a while in an experiment while working with Coppelius. The Coppelius disappears. Nathanael becomes a student and meets with an optician known as Coppola and buys a Spy-glass from him. Through this spy-glass he sees Olympia, an automaton created by Spalanzani and Coppola. And he loves this automaton unreasonably. But two men falls into an argument and Coppolla takes the eyes of automaton and throws them to Nathanael. This event reminds Nathanael the argument between his father and Coppelius. And Nathanael falls into a state of sanity. After recovering his mind, he goes directly to Clara to marry with her. While spending time with her, he suddenly sees Coppelius and goes insane. He tries to kill clara, but her brother saves him. Unfortunately he jumps off from the tower and dies. The uncanny is a concept in human psychology that means something extraordinary familiar and not familiar at the same time. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who wrote about this concept in his The Uncanny and published it in 1919. He tried to analyze this concept by using Hoffmann’s The Sandman because of its extraordinary content. According the Freud, the uncanny is the mar k of the returning repressed memory. For Freud, the reason of the uncanny in this story is the fear of losing eyes. He associates the idea of losing eyes with the fear of castration and he suggests the story of Oedipus as his example. He argued that the most appropriate punishment of Oedipus’ crimes was the castration yet this showed on the stage in the form of losing eyes. Coppelius is Nathanael’s hatred against of his father for his castration and he interferes his all relationships which he both loves and hates. After this bad experience, he represses all his bad memories and forgets what happened in the past. With the reanimation of first shocking scene (losing of one’s eyes) in the second scene, he once again remembers everything but also loses his mind. This is the uncanny of the story which reminds his past. Coppola and Spalanzini are nothing but the representation of his father’s sides and Olympia which they made together is the personification of Nathaniel’s feminine attitude towards his father in his infancy. It is his doppelganger. That is why Nathaniel confronts Olympia as a person and loves it with a narcissistic kind of senseless love. It is a natural situation which he created after his castration because of being unable to love. As a result, he realizes this truth with the reappearance of Coppelius  once again while looking through the spy-glass. Looking through the glass is a kind of rationalization process. Nathaniel tries to explain all these events with the imagination until his usage of glass. And in each time when he use it, he loses his mind because of confronting with the sober truth.

Understanding Of The Social Work Profession - 988 Words

Personal Statement Understanding of the Social Work Profession For many, the primary mission of the profession of social work is enhancing the needs of those that are considered vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. My understanding of the social work profession is helping someone to make positive changes in his or her life that result in a better quality of life. This is also true when promoting the wellbeing of the community in a social context. As social workers it is easy to become prioritized with satisfying our livelihoods, by becoming professionalized (academically) and advocating for clients; this causes a disconnect from the struggles in our communities such as economic, racial, and gender-based injustices (Boland, 2014). This disconnect is developed when there is more professional focus on the injustices faced by the client, when in reality both the client and community are equally important to the profession and advocacy of social work. Understanding the social work profession, to me, means having the heart and mindset to advocate for those that society considers undeserving. This understanding also extends to the environment as a whole; social workers should work to change not only the person in his or her environment, but the environment itself, to correct social injustices (Boland, 2014). Professions dealing with the health and mental health of individuals have had a central focus on strengthening an individual (Gitterman, 2014). TheseShow MoreRelatedMy Understanding Of The Profession Of Social Work Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pages My understanding of the profession of social work is to enhance human well-being and to help meet the basic needs of all society, especially the needs of the most vulnerable, oppressed, and the needs of the people living in poverty. Social work leading duties are to promote social justice and social change on behalf of clients. 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