Holland Tunnel Essay -- History Historical tunnels Engineering Essays

Holland Tunnel It has taken engineers thousands of years to perfect the art of digging tunnels. Today tunnels provide available space for cars and trains, water and sewage, even power and communication lines. However, before cars and trains, tunnels carried only water. The first to use tunnels on a major scale were the Romans. Roman engineers created the most extensive network of tunnels in the ancient world. The Romans built aqueducts to carry water from mountain springs to cities and villages; however, in many instances there were obstacles, such as rock formations, in between the spring and the city of interest. To solve these problems the Romans built tunnels by carving underground chambers and building elegant arch structures to carry fresh water into the city and wastewater out. As transportation technology progressed the demand for tunnels also evolved, and by the 17th century tunnels were being constructed for canals. Before the use of roads or railways to transport raw materials from the country to the city, waterways were the best way to haul freight over great distances. The major expansion in tunnel construction came with the introduction of the train and the automobile in the 19th and 20th century. The first major underwater mechanically ventilated tunnel was the Holland tunnel; it set the stage for all tunnels to follow by tackling the engineering obstacles surrounding underwater automobile tunnel traffic. With the rapid rise of the auto at the turn of the century Hudson River ferries struggled to meet demands and were carrying 30 million vehicles each year between New York and New Jersey. In 1906 a joint commission between New York and New Jersey was created to bridge the Hudson between Manhattan and Jer... ... normalize. The bridge opened in 1927 at the time the toll was 50 cents and the trip took eight minutes. The tunnel, when it opened, was the longest underwater tunnel in the world, with its north tube 8,558 feet long and its south tube 8,371 feet long. On its first day of operation 51,694 vehicles passed through it. The total cost of the tunnel was $48 million. Today, it would cost approximately $1.4 billion not including the purchase of the necessary land from Manhattan and Jersey City. Work Cited http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/holland/, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.panynj.gov/tbt/htframe.HTM, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.panynj.gov/tbt/hthist.HTM, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/holland/, Tuesday October 2, 2004 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/holland.html, Tuesday October 2, 2004

Fantastic Literature Essay

Fantasy is a product of our subconscious minds. Just like the stories of the past, fantastic literature tries to give its messages with an indirectly way for making an impact to our subconscious minds. In other words, Fantastic literature is a genre of fiction that uses imagination, magic, supernatural elements such as ghosts, harpies, trolls, mermaids, nymphs, vampires, centaurs, personifications, allegories and unrealistic elements as its primary plot element, theme or setting. Many fantastic works includes an imaginary world where magic and fantastic creatures are common. The best known and successful English work for the genre is J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings triology. But there are lots of successful works and famous writers of the genre such as Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, Stephen King’s The Dark Tower, George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire, J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and H.P. Lovecraft’s collection of stories ab out Cthulhu Mythos. The fantastic literature starts with the bed time stories in childhood such as fairy tales or folk tales to give instructions. We can say, it has a special appealing to children because of its didactic nature for giving moral lessons. Moreover, the children are too young to know the difference between real and the fantasy. Much of these folk tales comes from the times of Middle Ages where the place storytelling has an importance. This importance changed by the time due to technological advancements because rational progress decreased the amount of these stories. It happens to everyone when you grow up, the advancement of rational progress can decrease your superstitious beliefs and imagination. But using the middle age as setting, establishes a perfect base for fantastic stories because of the lack of technology, dogmatic thoughts and the importance of storytelling. Therefore even in our time, the fantastic works uses the middle age as its setting and much of the works in fantastic literature takes place in Middle age. When we come to its origin, in western culture, the origin of the fantastic literature depends on the mythic stories. But if we specifically give a document name for the genre, then we can say its origin comes from the stories of Homer The Iliad and The Odyssey. In eastern culture, this origin comes from Arabian Nights. The iliad and odyssey gives us the definition of the genre in the first place because of its contents. In case of Odyssesy, it includes gods, monsters such as centaurs, Cyclops or witches and wizards. And there is also a quest in the story as its plot. Odysseus tries to return to his home at Ithaca but he is not allowed by Poseidon because of his insults such as killing his cyclop son and claiming that he won the troy with only his own mind tricks. It is quiet similar to the stories of the Arthurian Romance such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight because of their usage of quest as framework. Same thing is in use in the case of LOTR. As a characteristic of the genre, there is always a quest in a fantastic work. Many of them include a universe as their setting look alike Middle ages because it is easy to create stories when you created the universe. There are also some common themes of the genre such as Good vs. Evil, Deceived heroes, making a sacrifice for saving the earth, journey to unknown etc.. All of these elements are in Fantastic literature to give lessons. The sign of a Fantast ic work is the inclusion of fantastic elements, a self-coherent setting as a universe to take place in and the inspirations from the mythology or folk stories. It gives a freedom of expression to author for explaining a rational sense within a supernatural framework. Therefore it may confuse the reader but there is always a message in these fantastic stories. It starts with the fairy tales in childhood. Fairy tale: Fairy tales a stories that contains a message and has an appealing to children for giving instructions with an indirectly style and by showing example through the story. Fairy tales aims to give moral lessons to its audience. Therefore, it is the first tutor of the mankind. They may include elves, dwarves, fairies, giants, ogres, trolls, goblins, mermaids, witches and wizards. There is always an adventure or a quest in these stories. But they are different than the legends in essence because there may be a truth behind the legends. Ancient Greeks are often accepted the legends as real events and told their stories for centuries but they didn’t the same thing for the folk tales. There is always a certain pattern in these fa iry tales, all of them starts with same word Once upon a time for implying that the story takes place in an unknown time. There is also a happy conclusion at the end of these stories such as â€Å"they lived happily ever after†. They can be found in oral or literary form but it is hard to trace their origins. Many of them may appear in different cultures with variations. Much of them appeals to adults but they are often associated  with children. There are some collectors of these folktales such as Grimm Brothers and Charles Perrault. Folklorists have classified the fairy tales with various ways. Among them Vlademir Propp is one of the most notable with his Morphology of the Tale. Vladamir Propp was a Russian folklorist scholar who analyzed the framework of Russian folk tale and published his analysis with name of Morphology of the Folktale in 1928. In his work, he divided fairy tale into sections and through these sections he tried to define the series of sequences within a fairy tale. To him, a fairy tale usually starts with an initial situation. And right after that there are 31 different se quences with different functions. He used this method to analyze the frame work of the Russian folk tales. Propp’s morphology is an exemplar for the analysis. In this type, the structural organization of a folkloristic text follows a chronological order as linear. Therefore, we can see if the tale has all of these elements from A to Z. Also we can give a name to those sequences. A tale usually starts with an initial situation such as with the enumeration of the family or the brief introduction of the hero. And after this point there are 31 sequences. Absentation: In this part, a member of the family leaves the home such as a prince may leave home to go for a journey by leaving his wife back. This absentation can also be someone’s death or going for a walk, fishing..Interdiction: In this point, the instruction comes to the hero such as don’t change your way, don’t talk with stranger, take care of your little brother to preparing a base for the further calamity. Violation: A counter action happens against to interdiction such as hero often violates this limitatio n and leaves the right way, talks with strangers. At this point a new person enters the story. And it could be a dragon, wolf, witch or a stepmother as a villain. Reconnaissance: Villain makes an attempt to find something. Villain is in search of something valuable or information such as the location of the children, wolf’s aim to find the goal of Little Red Cap by questioning her. Delivery: Villain receives a directly information to his questions. The wolf learns the house of the grandmother. Trick: The villain makes a persuasion. It is an attempt to trick his victim in order to take possession for his victim. Dragon turns into a golden goat, the witch turns into an old beggar and tries to give poisonous apple, wolf tries to act like grandmother by wearing her clothes. Complicity: The victim accepts the deception and helps  his enemy without knowing. Princess accepts the apple, The wolf acts like grandmother and little red cap could not recognize it. Villainy or lack of something: The villain causes harm or injury such as princess falls into a sleep after taking a bite from the apple, the wolf devours the little red cap as a result o f violation of the interdiction. One member of the family is in lack of something or desires to have something. The Prince intends to search for his bride, A magical agent is needed to wake someone up, huntsman tries to find a prey Mediation: the hero enters into tale with a quest or he is dispatched. The prince appears and decides to go for a journey to the tower of sleeping beauty, the huntsman appear hearing the snores of the wolf by thinking that there must be something wrong. Beginning counteraction: The hero sees the situation and decides to do something, the huntsman sees the belly of the wolf and thinks that he devoured them, the prince hears the story of sleeping beauty. Departure: the hero leaves home to make a counterattack. First function of the donor: A donor appears and meets with the hero or greets him for testing him to give some kind of a magical agent. The hero’s reaction: hero gives an answer to donor such as making a help to him, showing mercy, completes a service, learns some tactics, The hero receives the magical agent: he receives some kind of a power to defeat to evil. The transference between two kingdoms: The hero is transferred from one place to another to whereabouts an object or search. The hero flies through air on a bird, or travels on a boat. Struggle: The hero and the villain fights to get something for themselves. Branded: the hero receives a wound during the fight. Victory: the villain is beaten during the open battle or loses the game of cards. Liquidation: The initial misfortune resolved, spell casts off, captives freed Return: the hero returns to his home Pursuit: The some kind of evil pursues the hero and tries to kill him Rescue: the hero is rescued from the pursuit, an obstacle may delay the pursuer, the hero hides or saves his life from the pursuer. Unrecognized arrival: hero returns his home but no one recognizes him just like in the case of  Odysseus. False claims: A false hero appears and presents unfounded claims. DIFFICULT TASK: Difficult task proposed to the hero (trial by ordeal, riddles, test of strength/endurance, other tasks); SOLUTION: Task is resolved; RECOGNITION: Hero is recognized (by mark, brand, or thing given to him/her); EXPOSURE: False hero or villain is exposed; TRANSFIGURATION: Hero is given a new appearance (is made whole, handsome, new garments etc.); PUNISHMENT: Villain is punished; WEDDING: Hero marries and ascends the throne (is rewarded/promoted). Grimm Brothers were two unusual German scholars, linguists, academicians and great philologists that lived in the 19th century. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were two brothers and these brothers were nationalists and intended to collect the old Germanic stories and publish them to show the universality of German language. They were very interested with the Germanic folklore tales and dedicated rest of their lives to collect these tales. Therefore they collected stories and folk tales from the country and represented a pure form of national literature and culture. They established a kind of methodology for recording and collecting these folk tales and later on it became a basis for the folklore studies. They published their first collection of Germanic stories, and folk tales in 1812 with the name of Children’s and Housholde Tales. Their stories, includes the all details of German language and Germanic cultural identity. Their works translated into more than 100 languages. The most important and famous stories of them are Rapunzel, The Snow White, Hansel and Gretel, Cinderella, The Frog Prince and Little Red Cap. Little Red Cap Little red cap is a Germanic folk tale that published by Grimm brothers in their story collection known as Children’s and Household Tales in 1812. It is the 26t1h story of this story collection. It tells the story of a sweet but not obedience girl known as little red cap because of her famous Red Hood. But behind the background of the story, it is a story about grow up by leaving the naà ¯ve thoughts behind. It is a story that questions the curiosity of the children and urges them to leave these thoughts and get mature by following rules. By using the big bad wolf as a villain, it gives  us a message that don’t be so naà ¯ve, these fine gentlemen are nothing but greedy wolfs and they are so hungry for using your naivety for their own sexual purposes. So, follow your rules and don’t ever change your way. It can be interpreted as a moral tale, to give a message such as don’t talk with sexual predators. After the brief presentation of the characters, the story starts with an absentation in which the grandmother is sick. So her mother gives her a bucket and says bring this to grandma and don’t leave the path or you might break the glass. This is our interdiction and our quest. But she doesn’t listen to her mother, a counter action (violation) happens against to interdiction and wolf makes an entrance to story. The wolf questions the little red cap, this is our reconnaissance. And she answers all its questions with a naivety and describes the way that goes to her grandma. (delivery). The wolf goes there devours grandma and takes place of her (trick). She comes to house and accepts its trick without knowing what it is (complicity). And wolf devours her as result of her wrong actions (Villainy harm). Some versions of the story like Charles Perrault version ends in here but Grimm version continues. The huntsman makes an entrance to story (mediation). And he decides to free grandma and little red cap(beginning of counter reaction). He cuts the bell of wolf with a scissor and saves them both. This is the rebirth of Little red cap as a mature (Struggle, branding, victory, liquidation ). In any case, it is a story of puberty rite in which the red cap born again as an adult woman and learns how to act against to odds. After that point she doesn’t cares about the other childish things. The advancement of her rational progress is ending her childhood. The Frog King- Iron Heinrich The frog king is the first story of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm which they published it in their folk tale collection known as Children and Household Tales. The frog king is all about the glimmers of emotional life where they are developing in the first place, the childhood. It is story about sexual awakening in human beings, its acceptance and maturation process in human beings. There are some symbols in the story such as the frog, the princess and the Golden ball. The frog is the symbol of production and fertility and it is connected with witchcraft. Princess is the symbol of purified aspect of human soul and the golden ball is the symbol of perfection. The princes  in this story, is so beautiful, even more beautiful than sun that is explains her relationship and her desires towards to golden ball. When she lost the ball, she grieves at not only her ball but also grieves over her loss of innocence. She thinks that she will not be the whole again. But the only thing that can make her whole again is an ugly frog. She likes herself and this situation represents her narcissistic psyche. In the story, the princess increasingly becomes more anxious, angry and full of fear with the idea of marrying with a frog. She is not yet ready for the marriage. As the frog comes closer to her, she becomes more disgusted. This is also gives us her idea about awakening of sex throughout the puberty. But actually she becomes more a person while the frog comes closer to her. The father in this story is responsible for the marriage of the princess and he commands her to keep her word. Her actions are all under her id and there is a need for the development of super ego in her personality. Therefore, the responsible conscience of King helps to development of superego in child’s mind for bringing happiness, love and marriage to her life. And to become whole again, she finally decides to throw it against to wall by taking all the risks to gain her independence. This moment of violence is a painful experience but it is necessary. By doing so, she transcends her anxiety and hatred into a love. She becomes more a person by developing identity and her ugly frog turns into a handsome prince in her eyes. Snow White The story of Snow white is a Germanic Folktale that published in 1812 by Grimm brothers in their Collection of stories known as Children’s and Household Tales as the 53rd story. It is a story about the cycle of life as can be seen from the color symbolism of the story. But it also increases the theme of maturation process of a girl through some tests. It is a very common theme which can be found in the stories of Grimm brothers maybe because of the fact that their informants were woman or to put an emphasis on marriage for representing its importance in a feudal and patriarchal German society. Who knows? Anyway most of their stories are including these themes of Marriage, maturation, loss of innocence, growing up and including these damsels in distress as main characters. And in most of their stories the true love comes after the defeat of self-love as reward of maturation. Story starts with a queen’s wish to have a baby like white as snow, red as  blood and black as wood. It is a kind of symbolism of life that represents the natural cycle of life in which after every death a life starts to its lifetime. As a result snow white represents this natural cycle, she is the personification of this cycle. As soon as she born, her mother dies in order to give a birth to her. And that is also another emphasis that given to represent this cycle. After this point her unconcerned king father marries with another woman who is wicked. The unconcerned personality of King, although there is no king in the story, represents the feudal European perspective of seeing women as object. The personality of stepmother is another issue; she is the personification of immatureness. It is clear that she has failed in her personality development to have an identity. Therefore, she has only the self-interest just like the princess in The Frog King or Iron Heinrich. Therefore she plays her role to prevent Snow White for reaching her age because of her envy, pride and hatred. She orders to huntsman to kill her but he spares instead of killing her. He spares her because of potential status as a woman and bringer of new life. Therefore, the existence of huntsman also is a foreshadowing for the union of the opposite forces such as man and woman. In the story she deceives Snow White for three times and each times represents another aspect of life just like the color symbolism. In the first with a lace to prevent breath (White) which represents the spiritual matureness, second with a comb (Black) to represent the physical matureness and in the last with a red apple (red) to represent death or blood for establishing a basis for the death of childhood and the rebirth of as mature woman. Sleeping in a glass coffin also supports this idea of rebirth as a mature woman. Glass coffin represents the being in a woman’s womb. In essence, the witchcraft of queen was nothing but a test. After completing all these tests she becomes a mature woman and young prince appears as a reward. She marries with him. Therefore, completing these tests is essential in human life and story tries to put an emphasis especially to this aspect of life. The real love comes with maturation and with the sacrifice of childhood, it is necessary to get a real identity. And the time of union puts an end to the efforts of retarding powers with the hot iron shoes. The queen dies as dancing for celebrating the rhythmic cycle of life and death. All in all, Snow white is a story that explains the nature of creation, how something new comes into being through the  repetition of same cycle of transformation which is necessary in a traditional society. Cinderella The story of Cinderella is a European folk tale which published in 1812 by Grimm Brothers as the 21st story in their collection of Folk tales known as Children’s and Household Tales. It was also published by Charles Perrault in 1697. The Grimm version of the story is a dark version because it doesn’t include a fairy mother, pumpkin that turns into a carriage, animals that turns into henchmen. In Grimm version there is a Grant tree and talking pigeons. There is forgiveness in Perrault’s story for stepsisters but Grimm version there is a punishment for sisters in which stepsisters are blinded by pigeons. It is a story about an orphaned girl and it focusses on her rising into higher status and redeeming with happiness through hard work, suffer and marriage. Then again, the story gives us the patriarchal perspective of marriage and its importance by showing a poor girl’s struggling for rising into power and changing her status within this hierarchical society. The story can be interpreted from so many perspectives such as sociological, Freudian, feminism. But its theme is simple, young women can be saved by wealthy men. The golden slipper in the story stands there as a symbol of perfectness or perfect life. The story narrates the recovery process of a poor girl’s after an early wound such as loss of her mother. It is a process of person’s redeem and reaching happiness through hard working. Therefor the story represents a person’s search for identity and self-esteem. The tale opens with an initial situation and the narration of characters as usual but then suddenly a member of the family leaves the family as it happened in the case of mother. Interdiction also comes in this moment, the mother tells her daughter right before her death, remain pious and good only then our dear god will protect you. After a time later, her ignorant father marries again and evil stepmother and stepsisters appears as villain to start their devilish deeds. She loses her social status and starts to live her life as a maid in the kitchen. Throughout the story she keeps her dignity against to all evil dee ds of the sisters and as a result her donor appears in the form of pigeons and grant tree. The donor offers her dreams to her and also through these it tries to test her. Eventually she passes all her tests by remaining pious and takes care of the wicked  step family. As a result, her foot fits to slippery shoe as an embodiment of perfectness. The story ends with a happy ending. There are different explanations of the story. We can think the slippery as the woman and we can think the foot as the man and their union as the perfect union of man and woman. From this point of view, story is about a woman’s search for sexual fulfillment. We can also look at it with a sociological perspective. Then we can say, it is about a woman’s struggle for rising into power within a patriarchal society through marriage. Prince choses Cinderella because her foots are tiny while sisters not. Her foots are tiny because she is coming from an upper class unlike them, but she loses her social status. In the end of the story, she manages to replace her social status through marriage and redeems with life. It is also a good role model for feminism for showing how young girls and women should not be. Cinderella is a kind, pious and passive girl. She can’t make stand for herself. She is waiting a prince for herself to rescue her from the misery and all of her actions are against to feminist ideas. Modern woman is expected to be more assertive in order to survive in the world but she can’t. Instead of that she is acting more pious by thinking that her dignity will save her. And this situation is giving us a sociological insight about the feudal European society. Enter Sandman Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann was a German Romantic writer, critic, musician and composer who opened his eyes to earth in 1776. He was famous with his works of horror and fantasy fiction. He is the author of The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which famous The Nutcracker ballet based. In 1816, he composed one of his fantastic, horror stories which known as â€Å"The Sandman† and published it in 1817 within short story collection, known as â€Å"The Night Pieces†. The sandman is story about a childhood trauma that in the form of letters. It starts a bizarre and horrifying childhood story about a creature known as Sandman. The first letter is from Nathanael to Lothar. According to Nathanael, The sandman is a creature of night who is visiting unsleeping children and bleeding them with his sands to steal their eyes for feeding his own children on the moon. Scary isn’t it? This story becomes an obsession for him. And one night he plans to spy it and hides himself t o his father’s room. In there he sees Coppelius, a lawyer and one of his father’s associates and he catches him and desires to burn his eyes. But his father  stands against for him. Nathanael becomes ill and his father dies after a while in an experiment while working with Coppelius. The Coppelius disappears. Nathanael becomes a student and meets with an optician known as Coppola and buys a Spy-glass from him. Through this spy-glass he sees Olympia, an automaton created by Spalanzani and Coppola. And he loves this automaton unreasonably. But two men falls into an argument and Coppolla takes the eyes of automaton and throws them to Nathanael. This event reminds Nathanael the argument between his father and Coppelius. And Nathanael falls into a state of sanity. After recovering his mind, he goes directly to Clara to marry with her. While spending time with her, he suddenly sees Coppelius and goes insane. He tries to kill clara, but her brother saves him. Unfortunately he jumps off from the tower and dies. The uncanny is a concept in human psychology that means something extraordinary familiar and not familiar at the same time. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who wrote about this concept in his The Uncanny and published it in 1919. He tried to analyze this concept by using Hoffmann’s The Sandman because of its extraordinary content. According the Freud, the uncanny is the mar k of the returning repressed memory. For Freud, the reason of the uncanny in this story is the fear of losing eyes. He associates the idea of losing eyes with the fear of castration and he suggests the story of Oedipus as his example. He argued that the most appropriate punishment of Oedipus’ crimes was the castration yet this showed on the stage in the form of losing eyes. Coppelius is Nathanael’s hatred against of his father for his castration and he interferes his all relationships which he both loves and hates. After this bad experience, he represses all his bad memories and forgets what happened in the past. With the reanimation of first shocking scene (losing of one’s eyes) in the second scene, he once again remembers everything but also loses his mind. This is the uncanny of the story which reminds his past. Coppola and Spalanzini are nothing but the representation of his father’s sides and Olympia which they made together is the personification of Nathaniel’s feminine attitude towards his father in his infancy. It is his doppelganger. That is why Nathaniel confronts Olympia as a person and loves it with a narcissistic kind of senseless love. It is a natural situation which he created after his castration because of being unable to love. As a result, he realizes this truth with the reappearance of Coppelius  once again while looking through the spy-glass. Looking through the glass is a kind of rationalization process. Nathaniel tries to explain all these events with the imagination until his usage of glass. And in each time when he use it, he loses his mind because of confronting with the sober truth.

Understanding Of The Social Work Profession - 988 Words

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Society s Perception Of Beauty - 1193 Words

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Weight Watchers s Leading Provider Of Weight Management...

One of America’s biggest problems can be a great market to make money. What problem? Obesity, almost 68%of all Americans are obese. 68% of 320 million of America’s people means 200 million people in America are obese, according to FRAC.com. A market with 200 million people is a big market to take over. That’s exactly what Weight Watchers tried to do through their new super bowl commercial. Weight watchers are a business that helps people lose weight. They are the world’s leading provider of weight management services. The market audience can include ages from 18 to 65 years old. Weight watchers commercial tries to motivate, educate, and convince their audiences to buy the service. Weight watchers Super Bowl commercial explains how this commercial uses words, sounds and images that influences an audience to purchase their service. The commercial acts out how your brain acts when it’s on donuts and cheeseburger. 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Business Intelligence Traceability and Accountability Free-Samples

Question: Read the 4 business Plans and Provide a detailed report Comparing and Evaluating the Sales and the Marketing Strategy section for each of the Plans. Answer: Case study 1 Actionable improvement Laptop hobos this term is used to offer power outlets and free Wi-Fi to the people who make heavy use of the laptops while visiting the coffee shop. It will be nice if they provide customers with great experience like comfortable seating, free Wi-Fi and ample number of power outlets. Try games it will not be preferable for any coffee shop that the customer will just order one cup of coffee and occupy a table for hours and will use the free services like Wi-Fi. It must introduce some games like board games, puzzles and other similar games for small price. It will attract more customers and at the same time will generate revenue to the caf (Chee et al. 2014). Suggestion Apart from serving coffee and breakfast in the morning, the business may think of starting wine to the menu for the people who are visiting in the evening. Case study 2 Actionable improvement Efficient employees the business must engage the employees who have better knowledge about the app and technologies. Unless the employees have better knowledge, they cannot contribute to the improvement of the company Reduction in charge the cost for the app shall be competitive enough to beat the competitors. Therefore, the business must carry out proper market research before setting-up the price (Nenortait? and Butleris 2015). Suggestion As there are frequent changes in the behaviour of the customer, therefore before developing an app the customers view and preference must be taken into consideration. Case study 3 Actionable improvement Refresh the customer services the owners of independent gym used to do multitasking. The clients in the gym may be greeted with smile and can be referred to someone who is making extra efforts in the gym, so that he can get the motivation. Soliciting the feedback from the member as per the study, it is revealed that it costs at least 10 times extra to attract a new customer as compared to keeping the existing one. The existing customers can be asked questions regarding their interest, satisfaction level and preference for new things (Fridgen et al. 2015). Suggestion As the step ins in the gym are highly depended on the demography of age, the gym shall start something for each age group, so that the people from each group feel interested to step into the gym Case study 4 Actionable improvement Additional service apart from the accounting service, the company can start providing other additional service like actuary services and investment planning services to the client. It will assist the client as the accounting firm will already have better knowledge of the clients business Reduction in fees the company can offer additional services with reduced cost as compared to its competitors. They can also introduce the service package to enable the customers to get more services at reduced prices (Lhannaoui, Kabbaj and Bakkoury 2014). Suggestion As the competition in this field is high, the company must use some innovative software and services to attract the clients and make themselves different from the competitors. Reference Chee, C.H., Yeoh, W., Gao, S. and Richards, G., 2014. Improving Business Intelligence Traceability and Accountability: An Integrated Framework of BI Product and Metacontent Map.Journal of Database Management (JDM),25(3), pp.28-47. Fridgen, G., Klier, J., Beer, M. and Wolf, T., 2015. Improving business value assurance in large-scale IT projectsa quantitative method based on founded requirements assessment.ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS),5(3), p.12. Nenortait?, J. and Butleris, R., 2015. Improving business rules management through the application of adaptive business intelligence technique.Information Technology and Control,38(1). Lhannaoui, H., Kabbaj, M.I. and Bakkoury, Z., 2014, November. An approach for improving business process models using risk analysis techniques. InComplex Systems (WCCS), 2014 Second World Conference

History of slavery and slave anrratives free essay sample

Did you know slavery has always been part of Human Society? Slaves have been in history for thousands of years. The oldest records of slavery can be found in the oldest of records. The oldest record that includes references of slavery can be found in the Sumerian Code of Annum which contains laws regarding to slaves. Slaves were in all societies who practiced the institution usually gathered their slaves from other conquered cities and kingdoms.Slavery in Colonial times came when Britain began creating Colonies in North and South America to produce and harvest raw materials to create manufactured goods in Britain. Slaves came to America in order to work massive plantations that produced raw materials in America. Britain purchased their slaves from South Africa from the most powerful of tribes who wanted to sell their war captives (or burden) for other goods that Britain offered in order to take the slaves off their hands. Slaves were then transported by ships into America and the surrounding islands then auctioned off like cattle to plantation owners and others who wanted to buy a human being to do their manual labor. The System of Chattel Slavery was used in America and was now based on race. Under the chattel slavery systems slaves were viewed as property and not seen as a human being. They were less than human in the eyes of the colonist, and more like commodities. During the times the more slaves one owned the higher your status, just how it applies to farmers and cattle.The First slaves spoke in their native tongue, and still worshipped their African spirits and gods. Slave owners tried began to take away the origins of Africans to demolish their morality. They accomplished this by separating slaves that knew the same language or slaves who shared the same tribe or family. After they were separated they ere then forcefully converted to Christianity and Disemboweled (in words of the Christians) from their African traditions. Slavery then became an essential institution in early Lignite States because of the wealth being generated in it.Slaves brought much wealth to the colonist from the cash crops produced in the massive plantations; this gave further reason for the slaves owners as well as the government officials in the Colonial United States in having their own personal reasons not to stop this imprisonment of fellow human beings. As the United States grew in wealth and in productions they needed more laves from Africa to be shipped to the United States, a total of 597,000 slaves were imported from Africa only to be sold and abused for their labor.Many of these slaves were first imported to South America, Brazil and other tropical countries, and then moved to North America. During times of slavery abolitionist, white Christians who wanted to abolish slavery, began to use slave narratives in the middle 18005 in order to show the rest of the country, as well as the world, the physical abuse and mental abuse being done to a fellow human being who had no chance to taste freedom since being born, or some other persons financial benefit.Slave narratives were written accounts or memoirs from the perspective of slaves themselves. Some slaves learnt how to read and write during their slavery, but this was rare and most of the slaves were unable to both read or write, so instead they told their accounts orally to abolitionist who wrote it down for the slaves. Slave narratives helped in many ways to spread the knowledge of the inhumanity and brutality slaves were being put through. These narratives were very detailed and caused readers to tremble at the thought of lives slaves were being forced into.The readers who were important were the whites in the North who knew little of the brutality being done to blacks in the south. There were also many narratives exported around the world, so the rest of the world can know the brutality Of slaves as well. The idea to publish and spread the narratives around the country was to get the sympathy of the whites in the north and abolitionist in the south to begin to protest for freedom for the blacks. With the help of these slave narratives and the protest of the abolitionist the north began to work their way to abolish slavery in the United States.Freedom first came to African Americans in 1 863 when president signed the emancipation proclamation, freeing all slaves in the south, where most slaves we re located in the United States. By 1865 the 13 amendment, which legalized slavery in all parts of the country, was passed and all slaves in the country were freed. The most famous and acknowledged narrative writer was Frederick Douglas. Feedback Douglas wrote Narrative of the life of Frederick. In his narrative he described his life as a child born into slavery and the events that he witnessed as his life progressed.In his Douglas narrative he as well as many other narratives rote about his emotional and physical abuse he suffered from the chains of slavery. In his narrative he wrote My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant (Up. 1 , Narrative of the life of Frederick). This was an example of the emotional abuse that was common to all slaves who were born into it. Slave owners made it their duty to break the bond between the children and mothers of slaves, this tactic of breaking the bond was used to show the power whites had over their property (who were black slaves).This tactic was used because if a child never learned how to make a bond with the Oman who gave birth to them, how will they succeed to make a bond with anyone? This power whites had was also used to keep the slaves blind of their past and breaking family bonding. White owners knew if slaves never stayed as a family it will be easier to keep them in line as an individual without a purpose in a family. Douglas also grew with emotional pain when he wrote about the whispers of who his father was My father was a white man And the opinion was also whispered that my master was my father (Up. L, Narrative of the life of Frederick).The knowledge of knowing that your oppressor, your abuser, was also the man who was your father could have been breaking point for many people, but in the reality of slavery this was a common knowledge of many slaves who knew that their master was in fact their father. These slave owners didnt view their black children as a child, but as a piece of property produced like cattle. Why werent slaves who had white fathers freed? Legend the Chattel system of slavery, children born from a slave, even if the childs father may be white, is still considered a slave as well as property to the slave-owner/ father.With this being the fact, this halfwit Alfa black children can and will be sold off to other plantations, knowing it was their father who traded them for a profit. Douglas also wrote in his narrative about the abuse he witnessed in another plantation he was sold to, where he wi tnessed his aunt being abused by the owner, he wrote l have often been awakened at the dawn of the day by the most heart-rending shrieks Of an own aunt Of mine, whom he (the master) used to tie up to the joist, and whip upon her naked back till she was literally covered in blood. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron earth from his bloody purpose (Up. 2, Narrative of the life of Frederick). When Douglas wrote no words, no tears, no prayer, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart you begin to see how barbaric slave owners where towards their slaves, who bring them wealth and prosperity, and yet beat them with hatred. You also see how slave owners commonly after many years of slavery didnt believe slaves were people at all, but commodities that can be beaten, sold, and if they wanted to do so, killed.He also wrote more about his aunts abuse he made her get upon the stool, and tied her hands to the kook. She now stood fair for his infernal purpose. Her arms were stretched up at their full length, so that she stoops upon the ends of her toes. He then said to her, Now, you Ill learn you how to disobey my orders! and after rolling up his sleeves, he commenced to lay on the heavy cow skin, and soon the warm, red blood (amid heart-rending shrieks from her, and horrid oaths from him) came dripping to the floor. (Up. 3, Narrative of the life of Frederick).Douglas witnessed all of this type of horror when he was only a child; this was the life for the slaves in plantations. Douglas also wrote about he living conditions slaves were expected to live udder. Douglas wrote about Ye Town and how it was the place the slaves were taken to for punishment and it was also the place slaves and their families went to get their monthly allowance for food, and yearly clothing. Douglas wrote Our allowance consisted of eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn meal. Their yearly clothing consisted Of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for the winter, made of coarse Negro cloths, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes, one of which cost no more than 7 dollars. This allowance is proof about the profits being maximized in the slaves expense. Slaves only get 7 dollars worth of clothing a year, and a blanket to sleep on the floor. These slaves were expected to survive off the minimum.Douglas also wrote about how slaves were organized in gangs and were needed to be in certain post at a certain time, if they werent at post they would be severely punished. The woman slaves went through much of the same abuse as their counterpart males, but they also went through sexual abuse. Harriet Jacobs was a former lave who also had her slave narrative published. The name of Jacobs narrative is incidents in the life of a slave girl. In her narrative she wrote about the hardships that uniquely happened to slave girls growing up as house slaves.In her narrative she wrote about how her slave owner took advantage of his power over her being her master, desecrating her mind as a child with foul sexual thoughts as he whispered foul words into her ear (Up. 1, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl). In Jacobs book she feared the disgrace she would bring to her grandmother if she would ever find out about he abuse being done to her, because of this fear she never told a soul about her abuse, making her feel helpless to this pervert of a master. Her fear didnt end with just her master.The mistress of the slave-owner also became jealous of Jacobs. She wrote of one account l had entered my sixteenth year, and every day it became more apparent that my presence was intolerable to Mrs.. Flint. Angry words frequently passed between her and her husband. He had never punished me himself, and he would not allow anybody else to punish me. In that respect, she was never satisfied; but, in her angry moods, o terms were too vile for her to bestow upon me. Yet l, whom she detested so bitterly, had far more pity for her than he had whose duty it was to make her life happy. I never wronged her, or wished to wrong her; and one word of kindness from her would have brought me to her feet. (Up. 2, Chapter VI, Incidents in the life of a slave girl). This jealous brought her a new enemy who hated her for being a victim to her husbands scheme. Jacobs was powerless in making her master stop this abuse, and yet the mistress hated her from the fact that her husband is toying around with this poor innocent young woman. This type of jealousy happened commonly around all slave plantations.Mistresses of slave-owners already had the knowledge that their husband may have fathered many children slaves, most didnt mind it since under the chattel system of slavery, slaves were just more commodities. If mistresses would become jealous they would ask for the child and as well as the mother of the child to be sold off to another plantation to not be reminded of them. These slave narratives helped paint the picture that was actually there for 200 years, so that many people who didnt see or know the damage done to another human in the shackles Of slavery.If whites in the south didnt want to change their ways, the people of the north must have been convinced for a stronger push towards freedom for everyone. Slave Narratives should now be preserved so that our great country never forgets the dark past we today are still looking to fix as a nation of many nations, for equality for everyone, even though we might have begun in a barbaric way.